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L-DOPA did not modify depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors, which were instead counteracted by the dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist, pramipexole. Moreover, the lesion exerted anxiogenic effects, as shown by reduced time spent in the open arms, in the elevated plus maze test, and by increased thigmotaxis in the open-field test. Lesioned mice showed increased immobility in the forced swim test and tail suspension test, two behavioral paradigms of depression. The effect of 6-OHDA was then examined for mood-related dysfunctions. Bilateral 6-OHDA lesion also impaired olfactory discrimination, in line with the anosmia typically observed in early stage parkinsonism.
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This model presented only subtle gait modifications, which did not affect horizontal motor activity in the open-field test. Here, we investigated non-motor symptoms of PD in a mouse model based on bilateral injection of the toxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in the dorsal striatum. These ailments, which often appear in the early stage of the disease, affect a large number of patients and are only partly resolved by conventional antiparkinsonian medications, such as L-DOPA. Non-motor symptoms, including psychiatric disorders, are increasingly recognized as a major challenge in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.On the Home, Table Tools Layout, Picture Tools Format or Drawing Tools Format tab, in the Arrange group, point to Align, and then select Relative to Margin Guides.Īlign Left – This selection will align the left side of the objects with the left-most margin guide on the page.Īlign Center – This will align the center of the selected objects with the vertical center of the page.Īlign Right – This selection aligns the right side of the objects with the right-most margin guide on the page.Īlign Top – This will align the top side of the selected objects with the top margin guide on the page.Īlign Middle – This aligns the selected objects in the horizontal middle of the page.ĭistribute Horizontally – This selection will move the selected objects to evenly distribute them horizontally on the page.ĭistribute Vertically - This selection will move the selected objects to evenly distribute them vertically on the page.Alessandra Bonito-Oliva, Débora Masini and Gilberto Fisone * To automatically align relative to the margin guides: On the Home, Table Tools Layout, Picture Tools Format or Drawing Tools Format tab, in the Arrange group, point to Align.Īlign Left – This selection will align the left side of the objects with the left edge of the left-most object.Īlign Center – This will align the center of the selected objects with the vertical center of the selected objects.Īlign Right – This selection aligns the right side of the objects with the right edge of the right-most object.Īlign Top – This will align the top side of the selected objects with the top edge of the top-most object.Īlign Middle – This aligns the selected objects in the horizontal middle selected objects.Īlign Bottom – This will align the bottom side of the selected objects with the bottom edge of the bottom-most object.ĭistribute Horizontally – This selection will move the selected objects to evenly distribute them horizontally.ĭistribute Vertically - This selection will move the selected objects to evenly distribute them vertically. To automatically align relative to a group of selected objects: You can automatically align objects either relative to each other or relative to the margin guides. Note: In Publisher 2010, the Align list is located on the Table Tools Design tab.